Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 (2024)

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the coordinator of the Vision Loss Expert Group (Professor Rupert Bourne; rb@rupertbourne.co.uk) upon reasonable request. Data are located in controlled access data storage at Anglia Ruskin University.

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Funding

This study was funded by Brien Holden Vision Institute, Foundation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF), Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Julie-Anne Little
Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Nathan G. Congdon
Orbis International, New York, USA
Nathan G. Congdon
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Nathan G. Congdon&Serge Resnikoff
Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Serge Resnikoff
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Serge Resnikoff
School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
The Medical Eye Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
Nova Southeastern University College for Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
Janet Leasher
African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
Kovin Naidoo
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Kovin Naidoo&Rohit C. Khanna
Australian College of Optometry, Vic, Australia
Tim Fricke
University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Tim Fricke
UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tim Fricke
Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
Ian Tapply
Federal University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo/SP, Brazil
Arthur G. Fernandes
University of Calgary, Calgary/AB, Canada
Arthur G. Fernandes
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
Alessandro Arrigo
University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
Hugh R. Taylor,Shahina Pardhan&Rupert Bourne
Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
Tabassom Sedighi,Rupert R. A. Bourne&Seth Flaxman
Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Seth Flaxman
Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia
Mukkharram M. Bikbov
University Hospital, Dijon, France
Alain Bron
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Ching-Yu Cheng
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Ching-Yu Cheng
University of Michigan, Singapore, Singapore
Monte A. Del Monte
Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
Monte A. Del Monte
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
Leon B. Ellwein
Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
David Friedman
Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
João M. Furtado
Institute of Ophthalmology UCL & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bethesda, MD, USA
Gus Gazzard
Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, 600006, India
Ronnie George
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
M. Elizabeth Hartnett
Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Jost B. Jonas
Associated Ophthalmologists of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
Rim Kahloun&John H. Kempen
Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
John H. Kempen&John H. Kempen
Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
John H. Kempen
Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
John H. Kempen
Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA
John H. Kempen
Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
Moncef Khairallah
Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
Rohit C. Khanna
Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India
Rohit C. Khanna
University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
Rohit C. Khanna
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
Judy E. Kim
HelpMeSee, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, New York, NY, 10018-8005, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
Suraj Eye Instate, 559, New colony, Nagpur, India
Vinay Nangia
Institute of Optics and Optometry, University of Social Science, 121 Gdanska str., Lodz, 90-519, Poland
Michal Nowak
Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Konrad Pesudovs
Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, BT15 1ED, UK
Tunde Peto
John Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, USA
Pradeep Ramulu
1st Department of Ophthamology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ahepa Hospital, Thessaloniki, 546 36, Greece
Fotis Topouzis
University of Crete Medical School, Giofirakia, 715 00, Greece
Mitiadis Tsilimbaris
Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthamology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
Ya Xing Wang
Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Ningli Wang
School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
Julie-Anne Little
Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
Nathan G. Congdon
ORBIS International, New York, NY, USA
Nathan G. Congdon
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Serge Resnikoff,Kovin S. Naidoo,Nina Tahhan,Timothy Fricke&Konrad Pesudovs
Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
Janet L. Leasher
Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Kovin S. Naidoo
Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Timothy Fricke
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Arthur G. Fernandes
Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
Alessandro Arrigo
Ophthalmology Department, CHU de Poitiers (Poitiers University Hospital), Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
Unité 1084, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Paul Svitil Briant,Theo Vos,Aleksandr Y. Aravkin,Kaleb Coberly,Xiaochen Dai,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Stephen S. Lim,Tomislav Mestrovic,Ali H. Mokdad,Christopher J. L. Murray&Jaimie D. Steinmetz
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Theo Vos,Aleksandr Y. Aravkin,Xiaochen Dai,Rakhi Dandona,Stephen S. Lim,Awoke Misganaw,Ali H. Mokdad&Christopher J. L. Murray
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
Seth Flaxman
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Zahra Abbasi Dolatabadi
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
Michael Abdelmasseh
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi
Pediatrics Nursing Department, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Ayele Mamo Abebe
Department of Community Medicine, Babco*ck University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Olumide Abiodun
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Woldu Aberhe Abrha
Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Akshaya Srikanth Srikanth Bhagavathula
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Pankaj Bhardwaj&Pankaja Raghav Raghav
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Pankaj Bhardwaj
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sonu Bhaskar
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sonu Bhaskar
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Ajay Nagesh Bhat
Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
Epidemiology Department, Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia
Mukharram Bikbov
Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Marina G. Birck
Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
Marina G. Birck
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Yasser Bustanji
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Yasser Bustanji
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Zahid A. Butt
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Zahid A. Butt
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos
School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Vera L. A. Carneiro
Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
Vera L. A. Carneiro
College of Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Muthia Cenderadewi
Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Muthia Cenderadewi
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Gashaw Sisay Chanie
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Nicolas Cherbuin
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Vietnam
Dinh-Toi Chu
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
Natália Cruz-Martins
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Natália Cruz-Martins
Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Omid Dadras
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Omid Dadras
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Dharmesh Kumar Lal&Anamika Pandey
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Lalit Dandona
Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ana Maria Dascalu
Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
Ana Maria Dascalu
dummy2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anna Dastiridou
Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
Anna Dastiridou
Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Dessalegn Demeke
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Diriba Dereje
St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Nikolaos Dervenis
Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Nikolaos Dervenis
Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Daniel Diaz
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Daniel Diaz
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Mengistie Diress&Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Thanh Chi Do
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
Thao Huynh Phuong Do
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic
School of Health Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Hisham Atan Edinur
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Michael Ekholuenetale&Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Michael Ekholuenetale&Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Hala Rashad Elhabashy
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Muhammed Elhadi
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Mohammad Hassan Emamian
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mehdi Emamverdi
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Azin Etemadimanesh
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Farrokhpour&Soheil Mohammadi
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Farrokhpour
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Ali Fatehizadeh
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Alireza Feizkhah
University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Lorenzo Ferro Desideri
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Getahun Fetensa
Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
See Also
Best Primary Care Physicians Near Me in Woody, CA | WebMD - Page 54
Florian Fischer
Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Ali Forouhari&Mohsen Pourazizi
Emergency Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Ali Forouhari
Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
João M. Furtado
Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Muktar A. Gadanya
Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Muktar A. Gadanya
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Hyderabad, India
Aravind P. Gandhi
Health Sciences Department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Tilaye Gebru Gebi
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel,Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile&Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Bardiya Ghaderi Yazdi
Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani&Hengameh Kasraei
Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fariba Ghassemi
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Sherief Ghozy
Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Ali Golchin
Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Ali Golchin
Health Systems and Policy Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Mahaveer Golechha
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Pouya Goleij
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Pouya Goleij
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
Shi-Yang Guan
Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
Sapna Gupta
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Vivek Kumar Gupta
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Rasool Haddadi
Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Billy Randall Hammond
Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Mehdi Harorani
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed I. Hasaballah
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ikramul Hasan
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Hamidreza Hasani
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam&Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
Chapter of Addiction Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA
Golnaz Heidari
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Ramesh Holla
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Chengxi Hu
School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, Vietnam
Hong-Han Huynh
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Bing-Fang Hwang
Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
Bing-Fang Hwang
Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Ivo Iavicoli
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Irena M. Ilic
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Louis Jacob
Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
Louis Jacob
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abdollah Jafarzadeh
Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Abdollah Jafarzadeh
Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St, Petersburg, Russia
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia
Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Sathish Kumar Jayapal
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
Shubha Jayaram
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Jost B. Jonas
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Jost B. Jonas
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Nitin Joseph,Nithin Kumar&Prasanna Mithra
Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Manipal Institute of Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Sagarika Kamath
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Himal Kandel&Yuyi You
Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Himal Kandel
School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
Ibraheem M. Karaye
Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
Ibraheem M. Karaye
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Hengameh Kasraei
Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
Soujanya Kaup
Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Harkiran Kaur
Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India
Navjot Kaur
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Gbenga A. Kayode
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Gbenga A. Kayode
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Yousef Saleh Khader
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
Himanshu Khajuria&Biswa Prakash Nayak
Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Rovshan Khalilov
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan
Rovshan Khalilov
Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Oman, Nizwa, Oman
Ajmal Khan
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
Department of Medical Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Biruk Getahun Kibret
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
Yun Jin Kim
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Adnan Kisa
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Adnan Kisa
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Sezer Kisa
Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
Soewarta Kosen
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
Ai Koyanagi
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Kewal Krishan
Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
Burcu Kucuk Bicer
Department of General Surgery, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, India
L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala
Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
Chandrakant Lahariya
SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
Chandrakant Lahariya
Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Tri Laksono
Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Tri Laksono
Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
Van Charles Lansingh
Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
Munjae Lee
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
Seung Won Lee
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA
Wei-Chen Lee
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Xuefeng Liu
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Xuefeng Liu
School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Sandeep B. Maharaj
Fellow, Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, USA
Sandeep B. Maharaj
Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Alireza Mahmoudi
Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
Kashish Malhotra
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Ahmad Azam Malik
Electrical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Iram Malik
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vahid Mansouri
Department of Public Health, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Roy Rillera Marzo
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Roy Rillera Marzo
School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Abera M. Mersha&Bereket Beyene Shashamo
University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
Tomislav Mestrovic
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
Ted R. Miller
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Ted R. Miller
Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Mehdi Mirzaei&Yuyi You
National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Awoke Misganaw
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Sanjeev Misra
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Mohammadzadeh
Department of Pharmacology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Hoda Mojiri-forushani
Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Hamed Momeni-Moghaddam
Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Hamed Momeni-Moghaddam
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fateme Montazeri,Parsa Mousavi,Amirhossein Parsaei,Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi&Nazila Rezaei
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fateme Montazeri&Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Moradi
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Ganesh R. Naik
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Ganesh R. Naik
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Gurudatta Naik
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Zuhair S. Natto
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Zuhair S. Natto
Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Naveed
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Hadush Negash
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Dang H. Nguyen
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Dang H. Nguyen
Cardiovascular Laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, Merrillville, IN, USA
Duc Hoang Nguyen
Department of Allergy, Immunology and Dermatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Duc Hoang Nguyen
Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, USA
Hien Quang Nguyen
Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Vietnam
Phat Tuan Nguyen
Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Van Thanh Nguyen
International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Robina Khan Niazi
Department of Applied Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Taiz, Yemen
Efaq Ali Noman
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Efaq Ali Noman
Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Bogdan Oancea
School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Andrew T. Olagunju
Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Andrew T. Olagunju
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Obinna E. Onwujekwe
Geography Department, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
Abdulahi Opejin Opejin
Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Michal Ordak
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
Nikita Otstavnov
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Jay Patel
School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Jay Patel
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Shrikant Pawar
Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Arokiasamy Perianayagam
Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India
Navaraj Perumalsamy
Department of Zoology, Annai Fathima College, Madurai, India
Navaraj Perumalsamy
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Ionela-Roxana Petcu
Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hoang Tran Pham
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Elton Junio Sady Prates
Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Ibrahim Qattea
Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Mosiur Rahman
Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy
Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduch*erry, India
Premkumar Ramasubramani
Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt
Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez
Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Zahra Saadatian
Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Zahra Saadatian
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Siamak Sabour
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Basema Saddik
Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Umar Saeed
International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
Umar Saeed
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sare Safi
Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sare Safi
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Amene Saghazadeh
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari
Clinical Sciences Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Joseph W. Sakshaug
Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
Joseph W. Sakshaug
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Mohamed A. Saleh
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Mohamed A. Saleh
Department of Neurology, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Sara Samadzadeh
Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Sara Samadzadeh
School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Yoseph Leonardo Samodra&Yoseph Leonardo Samodra
Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abdallah M. Samy
Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abdallah M. Samy
Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Türkiye
Mete Saylan
Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
Siddharthan Selvaraj
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
Yashendra Sethi
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
Allen Seylani
Department of Clinical Sciences, Al-Quds University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Moyad Jamal Shahwan
Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
Masood Ali Shaikh
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
Mika Shigematsu
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Aminu sh*ttu
Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Parnian Shobeiri
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Parnian Shobeiri
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Seyed Afshin Shorofi
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Seyed Afshin Shorofi
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
Family, Health Promotion, and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization, Bogota, Colombia
Juan Carlos Silva
School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Jasvinder A. Singh
Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
Jasvinder A. Singh
Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
Paramdeep Singh
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Houman Sotoudeh
Directive Board, Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
Raúl A. R. C. Sousa
Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Mohammad Tabish
Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Majid Taheri
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Majid Taheri
Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Yao Tan
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Tala Tillawi
Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Misganaw Guadie Tiruneh
Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
Aristidis Tsatsakis
Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
Sree Sudha Ty
Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
Chukwudi S. Ubah
College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Chukwudi S. Ubah
Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Umair
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Umair
Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Rohollah Valizadeh
Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Maria Viskadourou
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Gizachew Tadesse Wassie
Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Department of Ophthalmology Research, Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho
Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn
Ophthalmology Unit, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Galal Yahya
Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Galal Yahya
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
Lin Yang
Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Lin Yang
China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
Yao Yao
Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Yao Yao
Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
Arzu Yiğit
Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Yazachew Yismaw
Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Yazachew Yismaw
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Naohiro Yonemoto
Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Naohiro Yonemoto
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Getachew Assefa Zenebe
School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Zhi-Jiang Zhang
College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
Hanqing Zhao
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Magdalena Zielińska
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Mohammad Zoladl

Consortia

Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study

Julie-Anne Little
,Nathan G. Congdon
,Serge Resnikoff
,Tasanee Braithwaite
,Janet Leasher
,Kovin Naidoo
,Tim Fricke
,Ian Tapply
,Arthur G. Fernandes
,Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
,Alessandro Arrigo
,Nicolas Leveziel
,Hugh R. Taylor
,Tabassom Sedighi
,Seth Flaxman
,Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
,Mukkharram M. Bikbov
,Alain Bron
,Ching-Yu Cheng
,Monte A. Del Monte
,Joshua R. Ehrlich
,Leon B. Ellwein
,David Friedman
,João M. Furtado
,Gus Gazzard
,Ronnie George
,M. Elizabeth Hartnett
,Jost B. Jonas
,Rim Kahloun
,John H. Kempen
,Moncef Khairallah
,Rohit C. Khanna
,Judy E. Kim
,Van Charles Lansingh
,Vinay Nangia
,Michal Nowak
,Konrad Pesudovs
,Tunde Peto
,Pradeep Ramulu
,Fotis Topouzis
,Mitiadis Tsilimbaris
,Ya Xing Wang
,Ningli Wang
&Rupert R. A. Bourne

the GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators

Julie-Anne Little
,Nathan G. Congdon
,Serge Resnikoff
,Tasanee Braithwaite
,Janet L. Leasher
,Kovin S. Naidoo
,Nina Tahhan
,Timothy Fricke
,Ian Tapply
,Arthur G. Fernandes
,Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
,Alessandro Arrigo
,Nicolas Leveziel
,Paul Svitil Briant
,Theo Vos
,Hugh R. Taylor
,Tabassom Sedighi
,Seth Flaxman
,Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
,Zahra Abbasi Dolatabadi
,Michael Abdelmasseh
,Mohammad Abdollahi
,Ayele Mamo Abebe
,Olumide Abiodun
,Richard Gyan Aboagye
,Woldu Aberhe Abrha
,Hiwa Abubaker Ali
,Eman Abu-Gharbieh
,Salahdein Aburuz
,Tadele Girum Girum Adal
,Lawan Hassan Adamu
,Nicola J. Adderley
,Isaac Yeboah Addo
,Tayo Alex Adekiya
,Kishor Adhikari
,Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani
,Saira Afzal
,Shahin Aghamiri
,Antonella Agodi
,Williams Agyemang-Duah
,Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
,Aqeel Ahmad
,Hooman Ahmadzadeh
,Ayman Ahmed
,Haroon Ahmed
,Fares Alahdab
,Mohammed Albashtawy
,Mohammad T. AlBataineh
,Tsegaye Alemu
,Ahmad Samir Alfaar
,Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa
,Robert Kaba Alhassan
,Abid Ali
,Syed Shujait Shujait Ali
,Louay Almidani
,Karem H. Alzoubi
,Sofia Androudi
,Rodrigo Anguita
,Abhishek Anil
,Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
,Jalal Arabloo
,Aleksandr Y. Aravkin
,Damelash Areda
,Akeza Awealom Asgedom
,Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
,Tahira Ashraf
,Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
,Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu
,Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout
,Alok Atreya
,Haleh Ayatollahi
,Ahmed Y. Azzam
,Sara Bagherieh
,Ruhai Bai
,Atif Amin Baig
,Freddie Bailey
,Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
,Shirin Barati
,Martina Barchitta
,Mainak Bardhan
,Till Winfried Bärnighausen
,Amadou Barrow
,Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
,Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn
,Alemshet Yirga Berhie
,Abhishek Bhadra
,Akshaya Srikanth Srikanth Bhagavathula
,Pankaj Bhardwaj
,Sonu Bhaskar
,Ajay Nagesh Bhat
,Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
,Mukharram Bikbov
,Marina G. Birck
,Yasser Bustanji
,Zahid A. Butt
,Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos
,Vera L. A. Carneiro
,Muthia Cenderadewi
,Gashaw Sisay Chanie
,Nicolas Cherbuin
,Dinh-Toi Chu
,Kaleb Coberly
,Natália Cruz-Martins
,Omid Dadras
,Xiaochen Dai
,Lalit Dandona
,Rakhi Dandona
,Ana Maria Dascalu
,Anna Dastiridou
,Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
,Dessalegn Demeke
,Diriba Dereje
,Nikolaos Dervenis
,Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu
,Daniel Diaz
,Mengistie Diress
,Thanh Chi Do
,Thao Huynh Phuong Do
,Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic
,Hisham Atan Edinur
,Joshua R. Ehrlich
,Michael Ekholuenetale
,Hala Rashad Elhabashy
,Muhammed Elhadi
,Mohammad Hassan Emamian
,Mehdi Emamverdi
,Azin Etemadimanesh
,Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe
,Hossein Farrokhpour
,Ali Fatehizadeh
,Alireza Feizkhah
,Lorenzo Ferro Desideri
,Getahun Fetensa
,Florian Fischer
,Ali Forouhari
,João M. Furtado
,Muktar A. Gadanya
,Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
,Aravind P. Gandhi
,Tilaye Gebru Gebi
,Mesfin Gebrehiwot
,Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel
,Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
,Bardiya Ghaderi Yazdi
,Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani
,Fariba Ghassemi
,Sherief Ghozy
,Ali Golchin
,Mahaveer Golechha
,Pouya Goleij
,Shi-Yang Guan
,Sapna Gupta
,Vivek Kumar Gupta
,Rasool Haddadi
,Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
,Billy Randall Hammond
,Mehdi Harorani
,Ahmed I. Hasaballah
,Ikramul Hasan
,Hamidreza Hasani
,Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
,Golnaz Heidari
,Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
,Ramesh Holla
,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
,Chengxi Hu
,Hong-Han Huynh
,Bing-Fang Hwang
,Ivo Iavicoli
,Irena M. Ilic
,Mustapha Immurana
,Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
,Louis Jacob
,Abdollah Jafarzadeh
,Mihajlo Jakovljevic
,Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia
,Sathish Kumar Jayapal
,Shubha Jayaram
,Jost B. Jonas
,Nitin Joseph
,Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
,Sagarika Kamath
,Himal Kandel
,Ibraheem M. Karaye
,Hengameh Kasraei
,Soujanya Kaup
,Harkiran Kaur
,Navjot Kaur
,Gbenga A. Kayode
,John H. Kempen
,Yousef Saleh Khader
,Himanshu Khajuria
,Rovshan Khalilov
,Ajmal Khan
,Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
,Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
,Biruk Getahun Kibret
,Yun Jin Kim
,Adnan Kisa
,Sezer Kisa
,Soewarta Kosen
,Ai Koyanagi
,Kewal Krishan
,Burcu Kucuk Bicer
,Nithin Kumar
,L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala
,Chandrakant Lahariya
,Tri Laksono
,Dharmesh Kumar Lal
,Van Charles Lansingh
,Munjae Lee
,Seung Won Lee
,Wei-Chen Lee
,Stephen S. Lim
,Xuefeng Liu
,Sandeep B. Maharaj
,Alireza Mahmoudi
,Kashish Malhotra
,Ahmad Azam Malik
,Iram Malik
,Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
,Vahid Mansouri
,Roy Rillera Marzo
,Andrea Maugeri
,Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles
,Abera M. Mersha
,Tomislav Mestrovic
,Ted R. Miller
,Mehdi Mirzaei
,Awoke Misganaw
,Sanjeev Misra
,Prasanna Mithra
,Soheil Mohammadi
,Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
,Maryam Mohammadzadeh
,Hoda Mojiri-forushani
,Ali H. Mokdad
,Hamed Momeni-Moghaddam
,Fateme Montazeri
,Maryam Moradi
,Parsa Mousavi
,Christopher J. L. Murray
,Ganesh R. Naik
,Gurudatta Naik
,Zuhair S. Natto
,Muhammad Naveed
,Biswa Prakash Nayak
,Hadush Negash
,Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
,Dang H. Nguyen
,Duc Hoang Nguyen
,Hien Quang Nguyen
,Phat Tuan Nguyen
,Van Thanh Nguyen
,Robina Khan Niazi
,Efaq Ali Noman
,Bogdan Oancea
,Osaretin Christabel Okonji
,Andrew T. Olagunju
,Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
,Obinna E. Onwujekwe
,Abdulahi Opejin Opejin
,Michal Ordak
,Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
,Nikita Otstavnov
,Mayowa O. Owolabi
,Jagadish Rao Padubidri
,Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
,Anamika Pandey
,Shahina Pardhan
,Amirhossein Parsaei
,Jay Patel
,Shrikant Pawar
,Arokiasamy Perianayagam
,Navaraj Perumalsamy
,Konrad Pesudovs
,Ionela-Roxana Petcu
,Hoang Tran Pham
,Mohsen Pourazizi
,Elton Junio Sady Prates
,Ibrahim Qattea
,Pankaja Raghav Raghav
,Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
,Mosiur Rahman
,Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy
,Premkumar Ramasubramani
,Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
,Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
,Nazila Rezaei
,Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez
,Zahra Saadatian
,Siamak Sabour
,Basema Saddik
,Umar Saeed
,Sare Safi
,Amene Saghazadeh
,Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari
,Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
,Amirhossein Sahebkar
,Mohammad Ali Sahraian
,Joseph W. Sakshaug
,Mohamed A. Saleh
,Sara Samadzadeh
,Yoseph Leonardo Samodra
,Abdallah M. Samy
,Mete Saylan
,Siddharthan Selvaraj
,Yashendra Sethi
,Allen Seylani
,Moyad Jamal Shahwan
,Masood Ali Shaikh
,Muhammad Aaqib Shamim
,Bereket Beyene Shashamo
,Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw
,Mika Shigematsu
,Aminu sh*ttu
,Parnian Shobeiri
,Seyed Afshin Shorofi
,Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat
,Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
,Juan Carlos Silva
,Jasvinder A. Singh
,Paramdeep Singh
,Houman Sotoudeh
,Raúl A. R. C. Sousa
,Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
,Mohammad Tabish
,Majid Taheri
,Yao Tan
,Birhan Tsegaw Taye
,Mohamad-Hani Temsah
,Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
,Tala Tillawi
,Misganaw Guadie Tiruneh
,Aristidis Tsatsakis
,Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay
,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris
,Sree Sudha Ty
,Chukwudi S. Ubah
,Muhammad Umair
,Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
,Rohollah Valizadeh
,Maria Viskadourou
,Gizachew Tadesse Wassie
,Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
,Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn
,Galal Yahya
,Lin Yang
,Yao Yao
,Arzu Yiğit
,Yazachew Yismaw
,Naohiro Yonemoto
,Yuyi You
,Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
,Getachew Assefa Zenebe
,Zhi-Jiang Zhang
,Hanqing Zhao
,Magdalena Zielińska
,Mohammad Zoladl
,Jaimie D. Steinmetz
&Rupert Bourne

Contributions

Please see Appendix 2 for more detailed information about individual author contributions to the research, divided into the following categories: managing the overall research enterprise; writing the first draft of the manuscript; primary responsibility for applying analytical methods to produce estimates; primary responsibility for seeking, cataloguing, extracting, or cleaning data; designing or coding figures and tables; providing data or critical feedback on data sources; developing methods or computational machinery; providing critical feedback on methods or results; drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and managing the estimation or publications process.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julie-Anne Little.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators: N J Adderley reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from the National Institute for Health and Care Research, UKRI Medical Research Council, Clinical Research Network West Midlands, and Action Against AMD. S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from King Edward Medical University, Department of Community Medicine which provided study materials, research article, supporting staff and office for working on the manuscript; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from King Edward Medical University; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the National Bioethics Committee Pakistan, King Edward Medical University Institutional Ethical Review Board and Ethical Review Committee in Board of Faculty, and Ethical Review Board Fatima Jinnah Medical University and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health Royal Colleges UK (FFPH), Society of Prevention, Advocacy And Research, King Edward Medical University. (SPARK), Member Pakistan Society of Infectious Diseases, Member Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, Member Pakistan Society of Community Medicine and Public Health; other financial or non-financial interests in the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan as a member Research and Publications Committee, and Pakistan Medical and Dental Council as a member Journal Research Evaluation Committee; all outside the submitted work. O C Baltatu reports support for the present manuscript from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, 304224/2022-7), and Anima Institute - AI research professor fellowship; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Health and Biotechnology Board at São José dos Campos Technology Park, and Afya – UNINOVAFAPI as Academic Ambassador; all outside the submitted work. T W Bärnighausen reports grants from the European Union (Horizon 2020 and EIT Health), German Research Foundation (DFG), US National Institutes of Health, German Ministry of Education and Research, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Else-Kröner-Fresenius - Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, KfW, UNAIDS, and WHO; consulting fees from KfW on the OSCAR initiative in Vietnam; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the NIH-funded study “Healthy Options”, Chair, Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB), German National Committee on the “Future of Public Health Research and Education”, Chair of the scientific advisory board to the EDCTP Evaluation, Member of the UNAIDS Evaluation Expert Advisory Committee, National Institutes of Health Study Section Member on Population and Public Health Approaches to HIV/AIDS, US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee for the “Evaluation of Human Resources for Health in the Republic of Rwanda under the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief”, and University of Pennsylvania Population Aging Research Center External Advisory Board Member; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Global Health Hub Germany; all outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), JSPS International Fellowship, Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Australian Academy of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Rotary District 9675 as the District Chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; the Global Health & Migration Hub Community and the Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany) as the Chair and Manager; PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers In Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health and BMC Medical Research Methodology as an Editorial Board Member, outside the submitted work. R Bourne reports support for the present manuscript to their institution from the World Health Organization (WHO), Brien Holden Vision Institute, Foundation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation; and grants or contracts to their institution from Sightsavers International and the University of Heidelberg. M Cenderadewi reports grants or contracts from James Cook University (International Research Training Program Scholarship for doctoral study), and support for attending meetings and travel from James Cook University; all outside the submitted work. N Congwon reports grants or contracts paid to their institute from the Wellcome Trust Investigator Award. X Dai and J D Steinmetz report support for the present manuscript from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as payments to IHME for the GBD Study. A Dastridiou reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from THEA and ABBVIE; outside the submitted work. T Fricke reports a grant from the International Myopia Institute, and contracts from the Brien Holden Vision Institute and the Victorian Lions Foundation, all paid to the Australian College of Optometry; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the University of Melbourne and UNSW Sydney; support from attending meetings and travel from the International Myopia Conference as a presenter, and UNSW Sydney as a PhD Candidate; all outside the submitted work. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from SightFirst and Pan American Health Organization; outside the submitted work. I M Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development, Republic of Serbia (project No 175042, 2011-2023). S M S Islam reports grants from NHMRC and the Heart Foundation, outside the submitted work. F Ghassemi reports support for the present manuscript from medical writing. V K Gupta report grants or contracts from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia, as payments to their institutions; all outside the submitted work. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript from Sight for Souls and Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program. K Krishan reports non-financial support from UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee; and support for attending meetings and travel from HelpMeSee; all outside the submitted work. J L Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid as a member of the National Eye Institute National Eye Health Education Program planning committee; outside the submitted work. M Lee reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1I1A4A01057428) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805). K S Naidoo reports other financial support from OneSight EssilorLuxottica Foundation as an employee; outside the submitted work. M Saylan reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from Janssen Pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point communications, and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings from OMERACT as a member of the steering committee; participation on an Advisory Committee with the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Co-Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and the editor and Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis; stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc, as well as previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. Y S Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University; and other financial or non-financial interests as the co-founder of Benang Merah Research Center, outside the submitted work. N Tahhan reports support for attending meetings and travel from the Brien Holden Foundation to the ISER Conference; outside the submitted work. Y Tan reports support for the present manuscript from the Department of Ophthalmology and the Hospital Central South University and Postdoctoral Station of Clinical Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. J H V Ticoalu reports other financial or non-financial support as a co-founder of Benang Merah Research Center; outside the submitted work.

Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study: A Bron reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Théa. N Congdon reports grants or contracts from any entity from Welcome Trust and MRC; consulting fees from Belkin Vision; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Singapore National Eye Center. M A Del Monte reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the University of Michigan, and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as past president of Costenbader Society. T Fricke reports grants or contracts from any entity from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Victorian Lions Foundation, International Myopia Institute, and Australian government; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from International Myopia Institute. D Friedman reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, from Orbis International as member of board of governors. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and from Lions Club International Foundation. G Gazzard reports consulting fees from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision LTD; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios; Genentech/Roche; Reichert; Théa and ViaLase; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Ellex; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Visufarma; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Glaucoma UK Medical Advisory Board and UK&Eire Glaucoma Society as president. M E Hartnett reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Michael F. Marmor, M.D. Professor of Retinal Science and Disease as endowment to support salary; grants or contracts from any entity (from National Eye Institute R01 EY017011 and National Eye Institute R01 EY015130) as partial salary support; patents planned, issued or pending (WO2015123561A2 and WO2021062169A1); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Jack McGovern Coats’ Disease Foundation and as director of Women’s Eye Health and Macular Society Grant Review Chair. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program (as support of salary). J E Kim reports consulting fees from Genentech/Roche, DORC, Notal Vision and Outlook Therapeutics (all as payment to J E Kim); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Allergan, Amgen, Apellis, Bausch&Lomb, Clearside, Coherus, Novartis and Regeneron (all as participation on advisory board); leadership or fiduciary role in other borad, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with AAO, APRIS, ASRS, Macular Society and NAEVR/AEVR (all unpaid); and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Clearside and Genentech/Roche (both for medical writing). V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee (as an employee); and support for attending meetings and/or travel from HelpMeSee (pay airfare and hotel). J Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with National Eye Institute (as a member) and National Eye Health Education Program planning committee (unpaid). K S Naidoo reports other financial or non-financial interests from OneSight Essilor Luxottica Foundation as an employee of the non-profit foundation. M Nowak reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Vision Express Co. Poland as the chairman of medical advisory board of Vision Express Co. Poland. P Ramulu reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health and Perfuse Therapeutics; and consulting fees from Alcon and W. L. Gore. F Topouzis reports grants or contracts from Théa, Omikron, Pfizer, Alcon, Abbvie and Bayer (all paid to Institution); consulting fees from Omikron, Théa and Bausch & Lomb (all paid to Topouzis); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Omikron (paid to Topouzis), Abbvie and Roche (both paid to Institute); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with European Glaucoma Society (as president), Greek Glaucoma Society (as president) and Board of Governors, World Glaucoma Association (all unpaid).

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$Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 (1)$

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Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study., the GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. Eye (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03106-0

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Received: 04 July 2023
Revised: 08 April 2024
Accepted: 19 April 2024
Published: 04 July 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03106-0

$Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 (2024)$

FAQs

Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020? ›

Background: Uncorrected refractive error (URE) is a readily treatable cause of visual impairment (VI). Results: In 2020, 3.7 million people (95%UI 3.10-4.29) were blind and 157 million (140-176) had MSVI due to URE, a 21.8% increase in blindness and 72.0% increase in MSVI since 2000.

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What is the global estimate on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age related macular degeneration? ›

In 2020, 1.85 million (95%UI: 1.35 to 2.43 million) people were estimated to be blind due to AMD, and another 6.23 million (95%UI: 5.04 to 7.58) with MSVI globally. High-income countries had the highest number of individuals with AMD-related blindness (0.60 million people; 0.46 to 0.77).

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What is the global estimate on the number of people blind or visually impaired by diabetic retinopathy a meta analysis from 2000 to 2020 ›

The global percentage change in crude prevalence for DR-related blindness between 2000 and 2020 was +1.41% (95% UI: −0.96, 1.85) in males compared to a + 13.32% (95% UI: 12.83, 13.80) increase in females, and +7.90% (95% UI: 7.43, 8.36) overall.

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What is the global estimate of visual impairment? ›

These estimates reveal that in 2020, 3.70 million people (95% UI 3.10–4.29 million) in the world were blind and 157 million (95% UI 140–175 million) had MSVI due to URE.

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How many people in the world are living with uncorrected refractive errors? ›

WHO estimates that 153 million people worldwide live with visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors. This figure does not include the people living with uncorrected presbyopia, which is likely to be quite significant, according to some early evidence.

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What percentage of visually impaired people in the world is blind? ›

The prevalence of people that have distance visual impairment is 3.44%, of whom 0.49% are blind and 2.95% have MSVI.

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How much of the world population has vision impairment? ›

As the following chart shows, as many as 1.1 billion people were thought to have vision impairment in 2020. This figure is the sum of 510 million people who had near vision loss, 258 million people with mild vision loss, 295 people with moderate to severe vision loss and 43 million people living with blindness.

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What are the statistics for blindness? ›

According to estimates from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey, 50.18 million American Adults age 18 and older reported experiencing some degree of vision loss. Of these, 3.89 million adults have a lot of trouble seeing, even when wearing glasses, and 340,000 cannot see at all.

What is the global burden of blindness? ›

The total burden of blindness and vision loss in the all-age population measured in DALYs was 22.6 (95% UI 15.6 to 31.7) million in 2019, accounting for 0.88% (95% UI 0.65% to 1.18%) of the burden across all 369 diseases, an increase of 81.3% from 1990 (12.4, 95% UI 8.6 to 17.3; million) (table 1).

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What are the global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults? ›

Conclusions. In 2021, the age-adjusted prevalence of IGT and IFG was 9.1% (464 million) and 5.8% (298 million) among adults aged 20–79 years worldwide.

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What is the global data on blindness? ›

The global prevalence of blindness is 0.7%, with a range from 0.3 for the established market economies and former socialist economies of Europe to 1.4% for sub-Saharan Africa.

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What is visual impairment value? ›

Visual impairment value, a calculated value of your loss of visual function, is the combination of your visual acuity impairment value and your visual field impairment value.

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How do you calculate visual impairment rate? ›

The 2001 AMA guide now recommends using a weighted combination of binocular, right eye, and left eye acuity scores to calculate an acuity-related impairment rating: “Visual impairment ratings are calculated using the formula (3OU + OD + OS)/5 instead of the prior formula (3 × better eye + 1 × lesser eye)/4.

What are the statistics for uncorrected refractive error? ›

In 2020, uncorrected refractive error was the leading cause of moderate or severe vision impairment worldwide. Uncorrected refractive error accounted for 157 million of the 295 million people estimated to have moderate or severe vision impairment (presenting visual acuity [PVA] of <6/18 to 3/60 in the better eye).

What is the percentage of world blindness caused by refractive error? ›

Reports suggest that 5–25% of blindness in some countries is caused by refractive errors and as much as 4% of the population sees less than 6/18 because of this condition (2).

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What are uncorrected refractive errors visually impaired? ›

Refractive error occurs when the eye cannot clearly focus on images, resulting in blurred vision¹. Globally, uncorrected refractive errors (URE) are the main cause of visual impairment².