On December 7, 1941, the attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,403 people and injured more than a thousand others. The attack, a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States, came as a massive shock to the American people and triggered America’s entry into World War II.
The United States declared war on Japan on December 8. On this, the 80th anniversary of Pearl Harbor, we remember those lost and the Irish stationed at the Hawaiian naval base that day. In particular, we remember two Irish heroes, John William Finn and Frank Flaherty, who were both awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for their bravery and valor during the attack.
What makes Pearl Harbor so different from other American fields of battle is that, well, for starters itâs not a field.
But itâs not just to do with the fact that the pivotal center of the Japanese attack 80 years ago today was an expanse of water, but also what the water contains.
Water as the covering for a grave lacks that sense of firm finality that earth conveys and this sense is heightened by the fact that the most hallowed of the graves in Pearl Harborâthat of those who died aboard the battleship Arizonaâis in shallow water, and that the ship can still be seen in certain conditions.
More than this, the Arizona still leaks oil as this writer witnessed on two visits to Pearl Harbor, one back in the 1990s, the second in 2008. And the leaking continues to this day at a rate of between two and nine quarts per day, depending on conditions.
This, then, is a battle site where the effects of the battle have not subsided with time.
This, too, is also the case of the images and memories from December 7, 1941, that date destined to ‘live in infamy.’
Two thousand, four hundred and three Americans died that day. More than a thousand others were wounded. Not a few of the dead were Irish Americans.
Two Irish Americans secured the very opposite of infamy by winning the Congressional Medal of Honor. They were John William Finn, who survived the attack, and Frank C. Flaherty who did not.
Finn, a chief aviation ordnance man stationed at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay, earned his medal by manning a machine gun from an exposed position throughout the attack, despite being repeatedly wounded.
Like just about everyone else on Oahu that day, Finn was rousted from the more somnolent duties of a Sunday.
Finn didnât hesitate.
He ran to a mounted gun and began firing at enemy aircraft. Two hours later he had twenty-one shrapnel wounds and a record of heroic action that would earn him the first Medal of Honor for World War II.
Born in 1909, Finn would live to be a hundred. He died in May 2010.
He was born on July 24, 1909, in Los Angeles. His grandparents on his fatherâs side were immigrants from Co. Galway, Ireland.
His father supported the family as a shipping clerk in a machinery firm and later as a plumber. Young John left school at age eleven to work. In 1926, at the age of seventeen, Finn enlisted in the Navy. He looked so young that his mother had to accompany him to the recruiting station to verify his age.
Finnâs lack of formal education didnât hold him back in the Navy and by 1935 heâd risen to the rank of chief petty officer. Six years later, in December 1941, he found himself stationed at Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, as a Navy aviation chief ordnance officer.
The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military facilities on Oahu commenced a few minutes before 8 a.m. and caught American forces completely by surprise.
The Pacific fleet was a sitting duck and the Japanese pilots took full advantage. Those Americans who could, eventually fought back. When John Finn reached his base, it was too late to launch any Navy pilots (their planes were in flames), so he ran to a mounted .50 caliber machine gun and began firing.
His position was completely exposed and soon came under fire. Despite numerous shrapnel wounds, Finn kept up the fight. âI just kept shooting,â he later said in an interview, âbecause I wasnât dead.â
Witnesses later claimed that he shot down at least one Japanese plane.
âIâm not sure I shot a plane down, but I can take credit for shooting at every plane I could bear on.â
Two hours later, Finn was receiving medical treatment for his wounds and learning the dreadful details of the attack.
Eighteen ships, including all eight battleships of the Pacific fleet, were sunk or badly damaged. Over 350 aircraft, most while still on the ground, were destroyed.
Nine months later, Finn (now an Ensign) received the Medal of Honor aboard the USS Enterprise from Admiral Chester Nimitz. The official citation bears reading in full:
âFor extraordinary heroism distinguished service, and devotion above and beyond the call of duty. During the first attack by Japanese airplanes on the Naval Air Station, Kaneohe Bay, on December 7, 1941, Lt. Finn promptly secured and manned a .50-caliber machinegun mounted on an instruction stand in a completely exposed section of the parking ramp, which was under heavy enemy machine-gun strafing fire. Although painfully wounded many times, he continued to man this gun and to return the enemyâs fire vigorously and with telling effect throughout the enemy strafing and bombing attacks and with complete disregard for his own personal safety. It was only by specific orders that he was persuaded to leave his post to seek medical attention. Following first-aid treatment, although obviously suffering much pain and moving with great difficulty, he returned to the squadron area and actively supervised the rearming of returning planes. His extraordinary heroism and conduct in this action were in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service.â
Finn remained in the Navy for the duration of the war and stayed on after 1947 in the Navy reserves. He retired in 1956 (at 47 years of age) with the rank of Lieutenant.
He spent the next few decades running a repair shop in San Diego and then a 92-acre ranch 70 miles outside San Diego that he and his wife, Alice, bought in the late 1950s.
Intensely patriotic, and proud of his Irish heritage, he attended World War II memorial services and served for many years as a spokesman for causes such as the campaign to raise funds to secure and preserve the USS Arizona memorial.
While John Finn faced the enemy and survived that day, so long ago and yet so vivid, Frank Flaherty did not live.
And his bravery was not displayed by hands on a machine gun, but rather a flashlight.
There were many acts of extraordinary heroism at Pearl Harbor and they were performed in myriad ways.
Flaherty, who was from Charlotte, MI and an Ensign at the time of the attack, was aboard the USS Oklahoma.
Flahertyâs Medal of Honor reads in part: âFor extraordinary devotion to duty and extraordinary courage and complete disregard of his own lifeâ¦.when it was seen the USS Oklahoma was going to capsize and the order was given to abandon ship, Ensign Flaherty remained in the turret, holding a flashlight so the remainder of the turret crew could see to escape, thereby sacrificing his own life.â
Four hundred and twenty-nine men were entombed in the Oklahoma at Pearl Harbor, including Flaherty, after the great ship rolled over.
The ship was raised for salvage in 1943, and the remains inside were eventually interred in mass graves marked “Unknowns” at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu.
In 1943 a destroyer bearing Flahertyâs name was commissioned and it served for the duration of the war.
Flaherty’s name is inscribed in the Courts of the Missing at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, and a memorial headstone was placed in Maple Hill Cemetery in his Michigan hometown.
Along with all the other heroes of December 7, 1941, he will be especially remembered.
